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Józef Rufin Wybicki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjuzɛv vɨˈbit͡skʲi]; 29 September 1747 – 10 March 1822) was a Polish nobleman, jurist, poet, political and military activist of Kashubian descent.[1] He is best remembered as the author of "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" (English: "Dąbrowski's Mazurka"), which was adopted as the Polish national anthem in 1927.

Józef Wybicki
Coat of arms

Rogala
Born(1747-09-29)29 September 1747
Będomin, Pomerania, Poland
Died10 March 1822(1822-03-10) (aged 74)
Manieczki, Schrimm, Prussia
Noble familyWybicki herbu (coat of arms) Rogala
Spouse(s)1. Kunegunda Wybicka, née Drwęska (1773–1775)
2. Estera Wybicka, née Wierusz-Kowalska (1780)
FatherPiotr Wybicki
MotherKonstancja Wybicka, née z Lniskich

Life


Manor house (dwór) of Józef Wybicki in the village of Będomin
Manor house (dwór) of Józef Wybicki in the village of Będomin

Wybicki was born in Będomin, in the region of Pomerania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2] His family was Pomeranian nobility.[3]

He finished a Jesuit school, and in his youth was a junior court official.[3] Wybicki was elected a deputy to the Repnin Sejm, the session of Polish parliament in 1767, on the eve of the First Partition of Poland.[2] Subsequently he joined the insurgency known as the Confederation of Bar (1768–1772), aimed at opposing the Russian influence and king Stanisław August Poniatowski.[2][3] He was one of the advisors (konsyliarz) of the Confederacy, acting as a diplomat.[4] After the failure of the uprising, he spent some time in the Netherlands, studying law at Leiden University.[3]

Jan Henryk Dąbrowski and Wybicki met Napoleon in Berlin in 1806
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski and Wybicki met Napoleon in Berlin in 1806

Returning to Poland, in the 1770s and 1780s he was associated with the Commission of National Education.[2] He supported King Stanisław August Poniatowski and his proposed reforms.[2][3] He helped draft the liberal Zamoyski Codex of laws of the late 1770s.[5] He was a Patriotic Party activist during the Great Sejm (1788–92) – though he was not one of its first deputies, during much of that time staying at his estate, writing and staging operas.[2][3] He did, however, participate in the Great Sejm's deliberations, beginning in 1791.[5] In 1792, in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792, like many of Poniatowski's supporters, he joined the Targowica Confederation.[6]

He participated in the Kościuszko Uprising (1794)[2] and was a member of the Military Section of the Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia.[7] After the failure of this insurrection he moved to France.[3]

Józef Wybicki
Józef Wybicki

He was a close friend of both Tadeusz Kościuszko and Jan Henryk Dąbrowski.[8] With Dąbrowski he organized the Polish Legions in Italy, serving under Napoleon Bonaparte.[2] In 1797, while in Reggio Emilia, Italy, he wrote Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurek).[2] In 1806 he helped Dąbrowski organize the Greater Poland Uprising.[3]

After the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, he held a number of positions in its Department of Justice, and continued working for it after the Duchy's transformation into Congress Poland.[3] In 1817 he became president of the Supreme Court of Congress Poland.[9]

He died on 10 March 1822 in Manieczki, in Schrimm, then part of the Grand Duchy of Posen, Prussia.[2]


Works


Wybicki was a writer, journalist and a poet.[2] He wrote political-themed poems, plays and political treaties advocating reforms in Poland in the 1770s and 1780s.[2][3] His works of that time analyzed the Polish political system, the concepts of liberty, and advocated for more rights for the peasantry.[10] He would also publish more political brochures in the 1800s, advocating for liberal reforms in the Duchy of Warsaw.[3]

Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurka) remains Wybicki's most famous creation.[3] It has been regarded as an unofficial national anthem since the November Uprising of 1831.[2] In 1927 the Mazurka was officially adopted as the Polish national anthem by the Polish parliament (Sejm).[3][11]


See also



References


  1. "JÓZEF WYBICKI". www.jozefwybicki.pl. Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Muzeum Hymnu Narodowego. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  2. Bolesław Oleksowicz. "Józef WYBICKI". VIRTUAL LIBRARY OF POLISH LITERATURE. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  3. Omer Bartov (2007). Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-day Ukraine. Princeton University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-691-13121-4.
  4. Mariana B. Michalika (1994). Kronika powstań polskich: 1794 – 1944 (in Polish). "Kronika"-Marian B. Michalik. p. 10. ISBN 978-83-86079-02-5.
  5. Richard Butterwick (1 December 2011). The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788–1792: A Political History. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-19-925033-2.
  6. Władysław Zajewski (1989). Józef Wybicki (in Polish). Książka i Wiedza. p. 10. ISBN 978-83-05-11947-4.
  7. Aleksander Kociszewski (1982). Pieśnią i szablą: rzecz o twórcy hymnu narodowego (in Polish). Iskry. p. 93. ISBN 978-83-207-0478-5.
  8. Agnieszka Barbara Nance (2008). Literary and Cultural Images of a Nation Without a State: The Case of Nineteenth-century Poland. Peter Lang. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8204-7866-1.
  9. Jadwiga Lechicka (1962). Józef Wybicki (in Polish). Państw. Wyd. nauk. p. 167.
  10. Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz (17 August 2012). Queen Liberty: The Concept of Freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. BRILL. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-90-04-23121-4.
  11. (in Polish) Dziennik Urzędowy Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych. 1927, nr 1 i 2


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На других языках

- [en] Józef Wybicki

[fr] Józef Wybicki

Józef Rufin Wybicki (blason Rogala), né en 1747 à Będomin et mort en 1822, est un officier, homme politique, journaliste et écrivain polonais.

[ru] Выбицкий, Юзеф

Юзеф Руфин Выбицкий польск. Józef Rufin Wybicki, 29 сентября 1747, с. Бендомин Речь Посполитая (ныне Поморское воеводство) — 10 марта 1822, с. Манечки (ныне гмина Бродница Сьремский повят Великопольское воеводство Польша) — польский политический деятель, писатель, поэт, публицист. Автор слов национального гимна Польши («Мазурка Домбровского» или «Марш Домбровского»).


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