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Johannes Vares (pen name Barbarus or Vares-Barbarus 12 January 1890 [O.S. 31 December 1889] – 29 November 1946) was an Estonian and Soviet poet, medical doctor, and politician.

Johannes Vares
Johannes Vares in 1931
Prime Minister of Estonia
In office 21 June 1940 – 25 August 1940
President	Konstantin Päts
Preceded by	Jüri Uluots
Succeeded by	Position abolished (de facto)
Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR
In office 25 August 1940 – 29 November 1946
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Eduard Päll
Personal details
Born	(1890-01-12)12 January 1890 Kiisa, Kreis Fellin, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire
Died	29 November 1946(1946-11-29) (aged 56) Tallinn, Estonia
Nationality	Estonian
Political party	CPSU
Other political affiliations	Communist Party of Estonia
Alma mater	University of Kyiv
Profession	Poet, writer, doctor, gynecologist

Vares was born in a farmer family in the village of Kiisa, near Viljandi, Estonia. He received secondary education at Pärnu Gymnasium, and in 1910–1914 studied medicine at the University of Kyiv.

Vares served as a military physician in World War I, and after that as a military physician for the Estonian Army during the Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920). He was awarded the Estonian Cross of Liberty for the participation.

In the 1920s, Vares started working as a medical doctor in Pärnu. He subsequently became a well-known poet as well as a radical socialist, using the pen name Johannes Barbarus.

When Soviet troops occupied Estonia in June 1940, Andrei Zhdanov forced president Konstantin Päts to appoint Vares as prime minister of a communist-dominated puppet government. Päts resigned in July 1940, and Vares formally took over most presidential duties. The puppet government declared Estonia a "Soviet Socialist Republic" (SSR), and Vares remained nominal head of state for a few weeks more as chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR. He headed the delegation to Moscow on August 6 1940 that petitioned the Stalinist government to incorporate Estonia into the Soviet Union — an act that has tainted him as a traitor to the majority of Estonian people.[1] On 12 September 1940, Vares became member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia, soon after the party had been merged into the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) of the USSR.

Following the German invasion of Estonia in 1941, Vares fled to Soviet Russia, where he lived in exile[2] from 1941 to 1944, until the Soviets reconquered Estonia.

On 20 April 1944, the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia (the institution specified in the Constitution for electing the Acting President of the Republic) held a clandestine meeting in Tallinn. The participants included Jüri Uluots, the last Prime Minister of Estonia before the Soviet occupation, the substitute for Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Johan Holberg, the chairman of the Chamber of Deputies Otto Pukk, the second deputy vice-chairman of the National Council Alfred Maurer, and State judge Mihkel Klaassen. The Committee declared Päts' appointment of Vares as Prime Minister had been illegal. Accordingly, it held that Uluots had assumed the President's duties from 21 June 1940 onwards.[3]

Since the end of the Soviet Union, Estonia has maintained that all laws passed by the Vares government were void, since the upper house of Parliament had been dissolved soon after the Soviet occupation and was never reconvened. The 1938 constitution required that all laws pass both chambers before being promulgated. This included the electoral law under which the blatantly rigged elections of 14–15 July 1940 were conducted. It was this election that produced the so-called "People's Riigikogu" which declared Estonia a Soviet republic and "requested" to join the Soviet Union.

After returning to Estonia, Vares came under investigation by the Soviet NKVD for his activities in the Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920). He committed suicide in presidential residence in Kadriorg, Tallinn, in November 1946.[4]

See also

• Johannes Vares' cabinet

Citations and references

Cited sources

External links

• Johannes Vares at Estonian Writers' Online Dictionary

Political offices
Preceded by Office created	Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR 1940–1946	Succeeded by Nigol Andresen

На других языках

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- [en] Johannes Vares

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[es] Johannes Vares

Johannes Vares (Pärsti, 12 de enero de 1890 - Tallin, 29 de noviembre de 1946) fue un poeta, médico y político estonio y soviético, primer presidente del Sóviet Supremo de la RSS de Estonia entre 1940 y 1946.

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[fr] Johannes Vares

Johannes Vares (né le 12 janvier 1890 - 29 novembre 1946), également connu sous le nom de plume Johannes Vares Barbarus est un poète, médecin et homme politique estonien.

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[ru] Барбарус, Йоханнес

Йоханнес Барбарус (эст. Johannes Barbarus; наст. имя Йоханнес Варес, эст. Johannes Vares; 12 января 1890 (1890-01-12), Хеймтали, близ Вильянди, Российская империя, — 29 ноября 1946, Таллин, СССР) — эстонский поэт и писатель, политический деятель. Премьер-министр правительства Эстонии (1940). Председатель Президиума Верховного Совета ЭССР (1940—1946). Заслуженный писатель Эстонской ССР (1945).

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