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Ahmad Yasawi (Kazakh: Қожа Ахмет Ясауи, romanized: Qoja Ahmet Iasaui, قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ; Persian: خواجه اَحمدِ یَسوی, romanized: Khwāje Ahmad-e Yasavī; 1093–1166) was a Turkic[1][2] poet and Sufi, an early mystic who exerted a powerful influence on the development of Sufi orders throughout the Turkic-speaking world.[3] Yasawi is the earliest known Turkic poet who composed poetry in Middle Turkic.[4][5] He was a pioneer of popular mysticism, founded the first Turkic Sufi order, the Yasawiyya or Yeseviye, which very quickly spread over Turkic-speaking areas.[6] He was a Hanafi scholar like his murshid (spiritual guide), Yusuf Hamadani.[7]

Sayyid Khawaja Hadrat-i Turkistan Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Ilyas Yasawi
قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ
A modern illustration of Ahmad Yasawi with Arystan Bab Mausoleum behind
Personal
Born	1093 CE Sayram, Kara-Khanid Khanate
Died	1166 CE (aged 72–73) Turkistan, Kara-Khanid Khanate
Religion	Sunni Islam (Hanafi)
Parents	Sheikh Ibrahim (father)
Era	Islamic Golden Age
Notable work(s)	Book of Wisdom
Known for	Poetry, Sufism, Diwan in Middle Turkic
Senior posting
Period in office	12th century
Influenced by Arslan Baba, Yusuf Hamadani
Influenced Yunus Emre, Haji Bektash Veli, Kockar Ata, Sarı Saltık, Magtymguly Pyragy, Idries Shah, Yahya Kemal Beyatlı

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Early life

Ahmed Yesevi was born to Ibrahim in Sayram at the end of the 11th century. He lost his father at the age of seven and was then raised by Arslan Baba [tr].[8] By then, Yasawi had already advanced through a series of high spiritual stages and, under the direction of Arslan Baba, the young Ahmad reached a high level of maturity and slowly began to win fame from every quarter. His father Ibrahim had already been renowned in that region for performing countless feats and many legends were told of him. Consequently, it was recognized that, with respect to his lineage as well, this quiet and unassuming young boy, who always listened to his elder sister, held a spiritually important position.

Yesevi later moved to Bukhara and followed his studies with Yusuf Hamadani.[9] Upon the demise of Yusuf Hamdani, first ʻAbdullah Barki and then Hassan-i Andākī became the head of Hamadani's khanqah.[7] Yasawi became the head murshid of the Naqshbandi order when Hassan-i Andākī died in 1160. He then turned this position to Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani under Hamadani's advice and moved to Turkistan City in order to spread Islam in Turkestan.[7]

Influence

Ahmad Yasawi made considerable efforts to spread Islam throughout Central Asia and had numerous students in the region. Yasawi's poems created a new genre of religious folk poetry in Central Asian Turkic literature and influenced many religious poets in the following countries.[10] Yasawi turned the city of Iasy into the major centre of learning for the Kazakh Steppe, then retired to a life of contemplation at the age of 63. He dug himself an underground cell where he spent the rest of his life.

Turkish scholar Hasan Basri Çantay noted: "It was a Seljuk king who brought Rumi, the great Sufi poet, to Konya; and it was in Seljuq times that Ahmed Yasawi, another great Sufi, lived and taught. The influence of those two remarkable teachers has continued to the present."[11] Yasawi is also mentioned by Edward Campbell (writing as Ernest Scott)[12] as a member of the Khwajagan. Yasawi also influenced Turkish poet Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, he said: "Who is this Ahmad Yasawi? If you study him, you will find our nationality in Him."[13]

Legends about Ahmed Yasawi

Date palm

Legend has it that a religious mystic, Arystan-Bab, was the teacher and spiritual mentor of Khoja Ahmad Yasawi. It was Arystan-Bab who transmitted the amanat, which was contained in a pip of date palm. According to a legend, Arystan-Bab was an associate of the Prophet Muhammad. One day, Prophet Muhammad and his companions sat and ate dates. One of the fruits fell out of the dish, and the Prophet heard the revelation: "This date is for the Muslim Ahmad, who will be born 400 years later than You." The Prophet asked his companions who would pass this persimmon to its future owner. No one volunteered. The Prophet repeated his question, and then Arystan-Bab answered: "If you beg Allah to give me 400 years of life, then I will give the date."[14]

Timur's dream

It is believed that one night Timur saw Ahmad Yasawi in his dream, where Yasawi predicted glad tidings of the forthcoming conquest of Bukhara. Taking this as a sign, Timur went on a campaign that would indeed be successful. After his victory, he decided to visit the grave of Yasawi and ordered to build there a majestic mausoleum.[15]

Legacy

Yasawi is celebrated as a spiritual teacher all throughout Central Asia, Turkey, & Greater Persia. The people of Kazakhstan, a secular country that was also the birthplace of Yasawi, have built numerous monuments and have honored him in many other ways as well, including:

• The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi[16] was later built on the site of his grave by Timur in Turkistan City. The Yesevi order he founded continued to be influential for several centuries afterwards, with the Yesevi Sayyid Ata Sheikhs holding a prominent position at the court of Bukhara into the 19th century.[17] There is the greatest influence of shamanistic elements in the Yasawiyya compared to other Sufi orders.[18]

• Yesevi authored the Book of Wisdom (Turkic: ديوان حكمت, Dīvān-i Ḥikmet), a collection of poems, in Turkic.[4] The book was published in 1895 and 1905 in Kazan.[5]

• The Naqshbandi Idries Shah mentions Yasawi's lineage in The Book of the Book.[19]

• The first Kazakh-Turkish university, Ahmet Yesevi University,[20] was named in his honor.

In popular culture

The Turkish series, Mavera (2021) (in Turkish) is based on Ahmad Yasawi's life. In the series, he was portrayed by the Turkish actor Korel Cezayirli [tr].

References

Further reading

• Beben, Daniel (2020). "Aḥmad Yasavī and the Ismāʿīlīs of Badakhshān: Towards a New Social History of Sufi-Shīʿī Relations in Central Asia". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 63 (5–6): 643–681. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341523. S2CID 229476699.
• John G. Bennett (1995). The Masters of Wisdom. Bennett Books. ISBN 978-1-881408-01-7.

External links

• UNESCO Heritage Mausoleum Hoja Ahmed Yasevi (in Russian)
• National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Hoja Ahmed Yasaui (in Russian)
• Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Turkestan (city in Kazakh SSR) (in Russian)

На других языках

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- [en] Ahmad Yasawi

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[es] Ahmad Yasavi

Khoja Ahmad Yasavi o Ahmed Yesevi (en kazajo: Қожа Ахмет Ясауи, Qoja Ahmet Yasawï, en persa, خواجه احمد یسوی‎ Khwaja Ahmad Sayrām, 1106 - Turkestan, 1166) fue un asceta sufí y poeta túrquico,[1]un místico temprano que tuvo una enorme influencia en el desarrollo de las órdenes sufíes en todo el mundo de habla túrquica.[2]Yasavi es el primer poeta túrquico conocido en componer poesía en túrquico medio.[3][4]Fue pionero del misticismo popular y fundó la primera orden sufí túrquica, la Yasawiyya o Yeseviye (es decir, "yasavita"), que se extendió muy rápidamente por las áreas de habla túrquica.[5]Era un erudito hanafí como lo fue su murshid, Yusuf Hamdani.[6]

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[fr] Ahmed Yasavi

Khoja Ahmed Yasavi (ouzbek : Xoja Ahmad Yasaviy / Хожа Аҳмад Ясавий / خاجە ئەحمەد يەسەۋىي ; kazakh : Қожа Ахмет Ясауи / Qoja Axmet Yasawï / قوجا احمەت ياساۋٸ ; turkmène : Ahmet Ýasawy, Ахмет Ясавы, آحمِت يَسَویٛ ; turc : Ahmet Yesevi) ou Khoja Ahmad Yasawi fut un poète soufi né en 1093[réf. souhaitée] à Sayram et mort en 1166 à Yasi, l’actuelle Turkestan au Kazakhstan[1].

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[ru] Ахмед Ясави

Ходжа Ахме́д Ясави́ (каз. Қожа Ахмет Яссауи, кирг. Кожо Акмат Ясауи, тат. Әхмәд Ясәуи (Хуҗа Әхмәд, Кол Әхмәд), туркм. Hoja Ahmet Ýasawiy, узб. Xoja Ahmad Yassaviy, уйг. خوجا ئەھمەد يەسەۋى), в народе также известен как Хазре́т Султа́н (каз. Әзірет Сұлтан, узб. Ҳазрат Султон; 1103, Сайрам — 1166, Туркестан[1]) — среднеазиатский философ, исламский проповедник, суфийский поэт. Писал труды на караханидско-уйгурском языке — литературном языке, сложившемся при дворе Караханидов. Автор цикла стихов «Дивани хикмат». Основав школу суфизма и воспитав большое количество последователей сыграл одну из ключевых ролей в распространении ислама среди тюрков Центральной Азии. После смерти, по приказу Амира Тимура, Ахмеду Ясави был воздвигнут мавзолей, который стал почитаемым местом паломничества для части мусульман региона.

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