Michael Field was a pseudonym used for the poetry and verse drama of the English authors Katherine Harris Bradley (27 October 1846 – 26 September 1914) and her niece and ward Edith Emma Cooper (12 January 1862 – 13 December 1913). As Field they wrote around 40 works together, and a long journal Works and Days. Their intention was to keep the pen-name secret, but it became public knowledge, not long after they had confided in their friend Robert Browning.

Biographies

Katherine Bradley was born on 27 October 1846 in Birmingham, England, the daughter of Charles Bradley, a tobacco manufacturer, and of Emma (née Harris). Her grandfather, also Charles Bradley (1785–1845), was a prominent follower and financial backer of prophetess Joanna Southcott and her self-styled successor John "Zion" Ward.[1] She was educated at the Collège de France and Newnham College, Cambridge.

Bradley's elder sister, Emma, married James Robert Cooper in 1860, and went to live in Kenilworth, where their daughter, Edith Emma Cooper was born on 12 January 1862. Emma Cooper became an invalid for life after the birth of her second daughter, Amy, and Katharine Bradley, being her sister, stepped in to become the legal guardian of her niece Edith Cooper.[2]

Bradley was for a time involved with Ruskin's utopian project. She published first under the pseudonym Arran Leigh, a nod to Elizabeth Barrett. Edith adopted the name Isla Leigh for their first joint publication, Bellerophôn.

From the late 1870s, when Edith was at University College, Bristol, they agreed to live together and were, over the next 40 years, lesbian lovers,[3] and co-authors. Their first joint publication as Michael Field was "Callirhöe and Fair Rosamund" in 1884. They had financial independence: Bradley's father Charles Bradley had been in the tobacco industry in Birmingham.

They were Aestheticists, strongly influenced by the thoughts of Walter Pater. They developed a large circle of literary friends and contacts; in particular painters and life partners Charles Ricketts and Charles Shannon, near whom they settled in Richmond, London. Robert Browning was also a close friend of theirs, and they knew and admired Oscar Wilde, whose death they bitterly mourned. While they were always well connected, the early critical success was not sustained (this is often attributed to the joint identity of Field becoming known). They knew many of the aesthetic movement of the 1890s, including Walter Pater, Vernon Lee, J. A. Symonds and also Bernard Berenson. William Rothenstein was a friend. In 1899 the death of Edith's father enabled them to buy their own house as evidence of their "close marriage", although Edith saw her father's death as retribution for their lifestyle. Edith later led the way in establishing the couple as active Catholics.[4]

They wrote a number of passionate love poems to each other, and their name Michael Field was their way of declaring their inseparable oneness. Friends referred to them as the Fields, the Michaels or the Michael Fields. They had a range of pet names for each other. They also were passionately devoted to their pets, in particular a dog named Whym Chow, for whom they wrote a book of poems named after him.

Their joint journal starts with an account of Bradley's passion for Alfred Gérente, an artist in stained glass and brother of Henri Gérente, who was of an English background but worked mostly in France. It goes on to document Michael Field as a figure, amongst 'his' literary counterparts, and their lives together. When Whym Chow died in 1906, the emotional pattern of the relationship was disturbed; both women became Roman Catholic converts in 1907. Their religious inclinations are reflected in their later works, where their earlier writing is influenced by classical and Renaissance culture, in its pagan aspects particularly, Sappho as understood by the late Victorians, and perhaps Walter Savage Landor.

Edith died of cancer in 1913, as did Katherine less than a year later. They are buried together in the cemetery of St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church in Mortlake.[5] In 1923, saddened at their lack of a memorial, Charles Ricketts designed one for them of black stone, for which John Gray wrote the epitaph ('United in blood, united in Christ'). However, this tombstone at St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake cracked irreparably in 1926, the year in which it was installed, and is now lost.[6] Their extensive diaries are stored in the British Library,[4] and have been digitised and made available by the Victorian Lives and Letters Consortium.[7]

A much-edited selection from the journals, which were two dozen annual volumes in ledgers with aspects of scrapbooks combined with a self-conscious literary style of composition, was prepared by T. Sturge Moore, a friend through his mother Marie.

Works

See also

• Lesbian Poetry

Notes

Bibliography

• Donoghue, Emma, We Are Michael Field (Absolute Press, 1998)
• Prins, Yopie Victorian Sappho (1999)
• Sturgeon, Mary. Michael Field (George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd., 1922)
• Treby, Ivor C. (ed). The Michael Field Catalogue: A Book of Lists (1998)
• Treby, Ivor C. Music and Silence: The Gamut of Michael Field (2000)
• Vanita, Ruth Sappho and the Virgin Mary: Same-Sex Love and the English Literary Imagination (1996)

External links

• Media related to Michael Field (author) at Wikimedia Commons
• Works related to Katharine Harris Bradley at Wikisource
• Works related to Edith Emma Cooper at Wikisource
• Works by or about Michael Field at Internet Archive
• Works by Michael Field at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Michael Field Archived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Biography and poems - "Isle of Lesbos")
• Michael Field ("The Poetry Foundation")
• Michael Field ("Women in the Literary Marketplace 1800–1900")
• "Archival material relating to Michael Field". UK National Archives.

На других языках

[es] Katherine Bradley

[fr] Michael Field