music.wikisort.org - InstrumentFrame zither is a class of musical instrument (subset of zither) within the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system for a type of simple chordophone (stringed instrument), in which the body of the instrument is made from a frame.[1]
Jacqke/Frame zither Liberian zither with calabash resonator. Called a "harp" by its collector; however, on a harp the "plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface." The strings running parallel to the gourd resonator make this a frame zither under Hornbostel-Sachs. |
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Other names | belly harp |
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Classification |
String instrument
Chordophone
Plucked string instrument |
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Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 316
- 316.1 Without resonator.
- 316.2 With resonator.
(Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer. The strings are stretched across an open frame)
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Inventor(s) | folk instrument |
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Stylized drawing in a medieval manuscript shows a man playing an instrument with strings stretched across a frame. Text reveals it is a psaltery, which means it would have a board behind the strings and not be a frame zither.
Frame zithers are musical instruments in which strings are strung across an open frame.[2] They could be similar to harps and psalteries which can also have strings stretched across frames. However, in harps the strings run from the frame to a resonating table embedded into the frame on the frame's other end. Psalteries may also have a frame, but behind the strings (parallel to them) is a board, the top of a box which acts as a resonator.
Musicians may add a resonator as is done with a bow harp; they can attach or put the instrument into a calabash gourd or a ceramic pot.[3]
Under the Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification, any frame with strings stretched across, and without a built in resonator, would count as a frame zither. In musical instrument encyclopedias, however, there are few or no examples of frame zithers except those found in Africa. Potential examples include medieval European illustrations; these however are not clear and could equally illustrate forms of harps or psalteries.[1]
Africa
Triangular
African frame zithers are made with frames of three "arms" forming a triangle, or a round frame made of wood.[3] Two of the arms are inserted into a calabash gourd base, with the base of the gourd cut away.[4] The gourd acts as a resonator.[4] The instrument is played by holding the opening in the resonator against the player's chest or stomach, with the instrument being within reach of their arms.[4][5][6]
The main known example are instruments of the Kru people of Liberia. They may also be seen in Sierra Leone and Guinea.[4]
Round
Another form of African frame zither uses a round frame or hoop, with the strings stretched across it.[3] Women of the Nuba people of Sudan make round frame-zithers, by bending a stick into a hoop, spanned 3 or four times by a single string (forming individual lengths to play).[3] The instrument is placed on top of a gourd for resonance.[3]
Recordings
- Belly Harp. Folk Music of Liberia, Folkways FE 4465 (Side ll, band 3)[7]
A loma belly harp, played by the Crau, Crau, Krao, Krawi, Kru, Nana peoples of West Africa.
References
Hornbostel–Sachs system |
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1. Idiophone (list) | 11. Struck |
- 111. Directly
- 111.1. Concussion
- 111.2. Percussion
- 112. Indirectly
- 112.1. Shaken/rattle
- 112.2. Scraped/rasp
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12. Plucked |
- 121. Frame
- 121.1. Clack
- 121.2. Guimbarde
- 122. Comb
- 122.1. Lace (Mbira)
- 122.2. Cut out
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13. Friction |
- 131. Stick
- 132. Plaque
- 133. Vessel
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14. Blown | |
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2. Membran- ophone (list) | 21. Struck |
- 211. Directly
- 211.1. Bowl
- 211.2. Tubular
- 211.3. Frame
- 212. Shaken
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22. Plucked | |
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23. Friction |
- 231. Stick
- 232. Cord
- 233. Hand
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24. Singing |
- 241. Free
- 242. Tube/vessel
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3. Chordophone (list) | 31. Simple / zither | |
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32. Composite | |
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4. Aerophone (list) | 41. Free |
- 411. Displacement
- 412. Interruptive
- 412.1. Idiophonic/reed
- 412.11. Concussive
- 412.12. Percussive
- 412.13. Free reed
- 412.14. Band/Ribbon
- 412.2. Non-idiophonic
- 412.21. Rotating
- 412.21. Whirling
- 413. Plosive
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42. Non-free |
- 421. Flute
- 421.1. Non-fipple
- 421.2. Fipple
- 422. Reed
- 422.1. Double reed
- 422.2. Single reed
- 422.3. Reedpipe
- 423. Brass
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5. Electrophone (list) |
- 51. Action
- 52. Amplification
- 53. Radioelectric
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- List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number
- Musical instrument classification
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