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Adam of Saint Victor (Latin: Adamus Sancti Victoris; died 1146)[1] was a prolific poet and composer of Latin hymns and sequences. He has been called "...the most illustrious exponent of the revival of liturgical poetry which the twelfth century affords."[2]


Life


Adam of Saint Victor was born in the early part of the twelfth century, probably at Paris, where he was educated. The first reference to him dates from 1098, in the archives of Notre Dame Cathedral, where he held office first as a subdeacon and later as a precentor. He left the cathedral for the Abbey of Saint Victor around 1133, probably because of his attempts at imposing the Rule of St Augustine at the cathedral.[3]

Adam likely had contact with a number of important theologians, poets, and musicians of his day, including Peter Abelard and Hugh of St Victor, and he may have taught Albertus Parisiensis.[citation needed]

He lived in the abbey, which was somewhat of a theological center, then in the suburbs of Paris but included in it subsequently through the city's growth.[2] He died there some time between 1172 and 1192.[citation needed]


Appreciation


According to John Julian, "His principal merits may be described as comprising terseness and felicity of expression; deep and accurate knowledge of Scripture, especially its typology; smoothness of versification; richness of rhyme, accumulating gradually as he nears the conclusion of a Sequence; and a spirit of devotion breathing throughout his work, that assures the reader that his work is "a labour of love."[4]

Anglican Archbishop Richard Chenevix Trench characterized Adam of Saint Victor as "the foremost among the sacred Latin poets of the Middle Ages".[2]

In Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams wrote that Adam "aimed at obtaining his effect from the skillful use of the Latin sonorities for purposes of the chant."

The translator of medieval hymns, John Mason Neale, described Adam of St Victor as "to my mind the greatest Latin poet, not only of mediaeval, but of all ages".[5]


Works


Adam of St Victor's surviving works are sequences for liturgical use, not theological treatises.[6][7]

Jodocus Clichtovaeus, a Catholic theologian of the 16th century, published thirty-seven of his hymns in the Elucidatorium Ecclesiasticum (1516). The remaining seventy hymns were preserved in the Abbey of Saint Victor until its dissolution during the French Revolution. They were then transferred to the Bibliothèque Nationale, where they were discovered by Léon Gautier, who edited the first complete edition of them (Paris, 1858).[4]

Around 47 sequences by Adam survive. In a practice that developed from the ninth century onwards, these are poems composed to be sung during the mass, between the Alleluia and the gospel reading. The sequence therefore bridges the Old Testament or epistle readings and the gospel, both literarily and musically.[8]


References


  1. Adam of St. Peter, Sequences, Peeters Publishers
  2. A'Becket, John Joseph. "Adam of St. Victor." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 15 January 2020 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. Fassler, Margot E. (1984). "Who Was Adam of St. Victor? The Evidence of the Sequence Manuscripts". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 37 (2): 233–269. doi:10.2307/831174. ISSN 0003-0139. JSTOR 831174.
  4. Julian, John. "Adam of St. Victor", Dictionary of Hymnology, 1907 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. J. M. Neale, Mediaeval Hymns and Sequences, 3rd edition (1867), pp. ix–x.
  6. These texts were gradually rediscovered in the nineteenth century.
  7. The critical edition of these texts is Jean Grosfillier, ed, Les sequences d'Adam de Saint-Victor: Étude littéraire (poétique et rhétorique). Textes et traductions, commentaires, Bibliotheca Victorina 20, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008), pp252-481. They are now fully translated in Adam of Saint-Victor, Sequences. Introduction, Text, Translation, and Notes by Juliet Mousseau, Dallas Medieval Texts, (Leuven: Peeters, 2011). In addition, Hugh Feiss, On Love, (2010), p71, argues that three additional Marian sequences seem likely to be by Adam of St Victor. The Latin text is in Bernadette Jollès, ed, Quatorze proses du XIIe siècle à louange de Marie, (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994).
  8. Boyd Taylor Coolman and Dale M Coulter, eds, Trinity and creation: a selection of works of Hugh, Richard and Adam of St Victor, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2010), p182.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Adam of St. Victor". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.


Further reading


The modern critical edition of the Latin text is:

English translations of Adam's work are in:

Studies:




На других языках


[de] Adam von St. Viktor

Adam von St. Viktor († 1146)[1] war ein Dichter und Komponist lateinischer Hymnen und Sequenzen. Es wird vermutet, dass die Erweiterung des dichterischen und musikalischen Repertoires der Notre-Dame-Schule stark von seiner streng rhythmischen und sehr bildhaften Lyrik befruchtet wurde.
- [en] Adam of Saint Victor

[es] Adán de San Víctor

Adán de San Víctor, en francés, Adam de Saint-Victor; en latín, Adamus Sancti Victoris, (París, finales del siglo XII – París, 1146) fue un prolífico poeta y compositor de himnos y secuencias en latín. También fue chantre de Notre-Dame de París. Se considera el mejor y el más grande poeta litúrgico en latín de la Edad Media, siendo descrito como "...el más ilustre exponente del resurgimiento de la poesía litúrgica que ofrece el siglo XII".[1][2][3]

[fr] Adam de Saint-Victor

Adam de Saint-Victor, poète et musicien français du XIIe siècle (mort vers 1146), chantre de Notre-Dame de Paris, auteur d'hymnes et de séquences en latin, né probablement à Paris et mort à l'abbaye de Saint-Victor sur la montagne Sainte-Geneviève, alors hors les murs. Il est considéré comme le meilleur et le plus grand poète latin liturgique du Moyen-Âge[1]. Longtemps confondu avec Adam le Breton († 1192), un autre victorin, mais mort à la fin du siècle (40 ans plus tard).

[ru] Адам Сен-Викторский

Ада́м Сен-Викто́рский (лат. Adam a Sancto Victore, фр. Adam de Saint-Victor; конец XI в. — 1146) — французский поэт, автор гимнов и секвенций на латинском языке; монах-августинец[2].



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